Free Essays on Physical Therapy

The principles of physical therapy have been part of the healing arts since the beginning of recorded time. The instinctive rubbing of a bruise or an ache is a basic form of physical therapy. As early as 3000 B.C., the Chinese used rubbing as a therapeutic measure. Hippocrates advocated it in his writings in 460 B.C. The Romans, as well as every other civilization, used it. Finally, in 1812, Peter Hanley Ling developed the first scientific basis for therapeutic massage. Hand in hand with the development of massage went scientific muscle re-education or training. Sometimes this was accomplished with mechanical assistance. But, just as often, it involved the therapist moving the limbs of the patient in specific patterns. Other standard treatments in the physical therapist’s arsenal have their origins in the early healing arts. For example, hydrotherapy was celebrated by Homer as the cure for the wounded Hector, while the Nile and the Ganges were worshipped for their healing properties. But modern physical therapy in the United States was established by the Surgeon General’s office on August 22, 1917 with the inauguration of the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction. Persons assigned to this division were charged with not only physical reconstruction programs for the war injured, but educational and vocational training programs as well.... Free Essays on Physical Therapy Free Essays on Physical Therapy The principles of physical therapy have been part of the healing arts since the beginning of recorded time. The instinctive rubbing of a bruise or an ache is a basic form of physical therapy. As early as 3000 B.C., the Chinese used rubbing as a therapeutic measure. Hippocrates advocated it in his writings in 460 B.C. The Romans, as well as every other civilization, used it. Finally, in 1812, Peter Hanley Ling developed the first scientific basis for therapeutic massage. Hand in hand with the development of massage went scientific muscle re-education or training. Sometimes this was accomplished with mechanical assistance. But, just as often, it involved the therapist moving the limbs of the patient in specific patterns. Other standard treatments in the physical therapist’s arsenal have their origins in the early healing arts. For example, hydrotherapy was celebrated by Homer as the cure for the wounded Hector, while the Nile and the Ganges were worshipped for their healing properties. But modern physical therapy in the United States was established by the Surgeon General’s office on August 22, 1917 with the inauguration of the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction. Persons assigned to this division were charged with not only physical reconstruction programs for the war injured, but educational and vocational training programs as well....

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships The Navy has a large variety of ships in the fleet. The most well-known types are the aircraft carriers, submarines, and destroyers. The Navy operates worldwide from many bases. The large ships   aircraft carrier groups, submarines, and destroyers travel around the world. Smaller ships such as the Littoral Combat Ship are based near their place of operations. Learn more about the many types of Navy ships in the water today. Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carriers carry fighter aircraft and have runways allowing the aircraft to take off and land. A carrier has about 80 aircraft on board a powerful force when deployed. All current aircraft carriers are nuclear-powered. Americas aircraft carriers are the best in the world, carry the most planes and operate more efficiently than any other countries carriers. Submarines Submarines travel underwater and carry an array of weapons on board. Submarines are stealthy Navy assets for attacking enemy ships and missile deployment. A submarine may stay underwater on patrol for six months. Guided Missile Cruisers The Navy has 22 guided missile cruisers  that carry Tomahawks, Harpoons, and other missiles. These vessels are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles.are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles. Destroyers Destroyers are designed to provide land attack capability as well as air, water surface, and submarine defense capabilities. There are about 57 destroyers currently in use and several more under construction. Destroyers have massive weapons including missiles, large diameter guns, and small diameter weapons. One of the newest destroyers is the DDG-1000, which is designed to have a minimal crew while delivering a huge amount of power were ever deployed. Frigates Frigates are smaller offensive weapons carrying a 76 mm gun, Phalanx close-in weapons, and torpedoes. These are used for counterdrug operations and provide defensive capabilities when escorting other ships. Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) The Littoral Combat Ships are a newer breed of Navy ships providing the multi-mission capability. The LCS can change from mine hunting, unmanned boat and helicopter platforms and special operations warfare to reconnaissance practically overnight. The Littoral Combat Ships are designed to use a minimum number of crew members to lower the operating costs. Amphibious Assault Ships The amphibious assault ships provide the means for putting Marines on shore using helicopters and landing craft. Their primary purpose is facilitating Marine transport via helicopters so they have a large landing deck. The amphibious assault ships carry Marines, their equipment, and armored vehicles. Amphibious Transport Dock Ships Amphibious transport dock ships are used to carry Marines and landing craft for land assaults. These ships primary focus is landing craft based attacks. Dock Landing Ships Dock landing ships are a variation on the amphibious transport dock ships. These ships carry landing craft plus have maintenance and refueling abilities. Miscellaneous Ship Types Special purpose ships include command ships, coastal patrol boats, mine countermeasures ships, submarine tenders, joint high-speed vessels, Sea Fighters, submersibles, the  sailing frigate USS Constitution, oceanographic survey ships, and surveillance ships. The USS Constitution is the oldest ship in the US Navy and used for display and during flotillas. Small Boats Small boats are used for a variety of tasks including river operations, special operations craft, patrol boats, rigid hull inflatable boats, survey boats, and landing craft. Support Ships Support ships provide the necessary provisions that keep the Navy operates. There are combat stores on board them with supplies, food, repair parts, mail, and other goods. Then there are ammunition ships, fast combat support ships, cargo, and pre-positioned supply ships, rescue and salvage, tankers, tug boats, and hospital ships. The two Navy hospital ships are truly floating hospitals with emergency rooms, operating rooms, beds for recovering people, nurses, doctors, and dentists. These ships are used during wartime and for major natural disasters. The Navy employs a wide variety of ships, each with its own purpose and responsibilities. It has hundreds of ships from small ones to huge aircraft carriers.

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words Essay

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words - Essay Example The purpose of introducing ICT in education is to enhance the language learning and educational activities of students and support the teaching process by means of computers, internet and the latest technologies. ICT has already become a part and parcel of young kids’ lives. The research will focus on questions like: has introducing ICT concepts at so young an age helped children discover, examine, explain and solve problems, foresee, argue and judge? For primary school children, that is, key stage 1 and 2, do teachers feel their responsibility where to make use of ICT tools to support language learning of the students? Is ICT also helping children with special needs or not? There are a lot of ICT tools available that help children with special needs adapt to their new learning environment which is more efficient and more helpful to them. Do these tools help children who find difficulties such as language hurdles, cultural hurdles, writing trouble (dysgraphia), reading difficu lties (dyslexia), math difficulties (dyscalculia), memorizing difficulties and environmental disadvantages? These issues have inspired me to conduct a research about ICT in CALL for young children. Harriet, Price. The Really Useful Book of ICT in the Early Years. United Kingdom, UK: Routledge, 2008. (This book helps explain the role of ICT in young children’s education especially their language learning process.) Siraj-Blatchford, Irum., & John Siraj-Blatchford. A Guide to Developing the ICT Curriculum for Early Childhood Education. United Kingdom, UK: Trentham Books, 2006. (This book is also a great help in understanding the importance of ICT in CALL in early childhood phases.) Questionnaires and personal interviews with teachers, parents and children will be conducted. I shall visit parents at homes and teachers and children at school. I shall conduct a comparative research based on results received from children

Justification Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justification Letter - Personal Statement Example Some of my clients in NY include Public Service Electric & Gas (PSEG), Chase/Chemnet Network Services, Bear Stearns Corporation, Swiss Bank Corporation, Perot Systems Corporation, HIS/Chic Jeans, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers Corporation, COMDISCO Corporation, Manufactures Hanover Bank (MHT), M&M Mars Corporation, Coopers & Lybrand, MasterCard International, Home Life Insurance Company, IBM Professional Services, Witco Chemical Corporation, The CIT Group and The General Foods Corporation. I transferred to the Washington DC area shortly after 9/11/2001 to look for contract work with the Government. The position at KForce was only presented to me as a full time employment and not as a sub-contract with Base Technology Incorporated. Hence, I was left with no alternative other than accept the position as such. I am very happy with my current position at US Customs and the people I work with. However, I am not an active employee of KGS in that I do not help to promote the company on any proposals etc. I really do not have any close ties to them. I have a hard time working as an employee of any company and feel better and perform better as an independent contractor because that is how I have lived the last 25 years prior to moving to the Wash DC area. It is my fervent desire to function under contract with you through STS and formally resign from my services with KGS forthwith. I now look forward to the pleasure of your favorable response at the earliest. Thank you, Faithfully yours, Jerry Harding

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay Example for Free

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the arguments form without requiring an understanding of the arguments content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case, (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities. * Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them. * Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. A Propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound propositions. For a compound proposition to be true, the truth values of its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives which occur in it (most commonly: and, or, not, only if, if and only if). The following fallacies involve inferences whose correctness is not guaranteed by the behavior of those logical connectives, and hence, which are not logically guaranteed to yield true conclusions. Types of Propositional fallacies: * Affirming a disjunct – concluded that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B. * Affirming the consequent – the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A. * Denying the antecedent – the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion. Types of Quantification fallacies: * Existential fallacy – an argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion. Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. * Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. * Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative. * Fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum) – a categorical syllogism that has four terms. * Illicit major – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Illicit minor – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises. * Fallacy of the undistributed middle – the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.[11] Informal fallacies – arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural (formal) flaws and which usually require examination of the arguments content. * Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) – assuming that a claim is true (or false) because it has not been proven false (true) or cannot be proven false (true). * Argument from repetition (argumentum ad nauseam) – signifies that it has been discussed extensively until nobody cares to discuss it anymore. * Argument from silence (argumentum e silentio) – where the conclusion is based on the absence of evidence, rather than the existence of evidence. * Argumentum verbosium – See Proof by verbosity, below. * Begging the question (petitio principii) – the failure to provide what is essentially the conclusion of an argument as a premise, if so required. * (shifting the) Burden of proof (see – onus probandi) – I need not prove my claim, you must prove it is false. * Circular reasoning – when the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with. * Circular cause and consequence – where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause. * Continuum fallacy (fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, sorites fallacy, fallacy of the heap, bald man fallacy) – improperly rejecting a claim for being imprecise. * Correlation proves causation (cum hoc ergo propter hoc) – a faulty assumption that correlation between two variables implies that one causes the other. * Correlative-based fallacies * Suppressed correlative – where a correlative is redefined so that one alternative is made impossible. * Equivocation – the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). * Ambiguous middle term – a common ambiguity in syllogisms in which the middle term is equivocated. * Ecological fallacy – inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. * Etymological fallacy – which reasons that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning. * Fallacy of composition – assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole. * Fallacy of division – assuming that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. * False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options, when in reality there are more. * If-by-whiskey – an argument that supports both sides of an issue by using terms that are selectively emotionally sensitive. * Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question, plurium interrogationum) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. This fallacy is often used rhetorically, so that the question limits direct replies to those that serve the questioners agenda. * Ludic fallacy – the belief that the outcomes of a non-regulated random occurrences can be encapsulated by a statistic; a failure to take into account unknown unknowns in determining the probability of an events taking place. * Fallacy of the single cause (causal oversimplification) – it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. * False attribution – an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. * Fallacy of quoting out of context (contextomy) – refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original context in a way that distorts the sources intended meaning. * Argument to moderation (false compromise, middle ground, fallacy of the mean) – assuming that the compromise between two positions is always correct. * Gamblers fallacy – the incorrect belief that separate, independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event. If a coin flip lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is due to land on tails is incorrect. * Historians fallacy – occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.[29] (Not to be confused with presentism, which is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas, such as moral standards, are projected into the past.) * Homunculus fallacy – where a middle-man is used for explanation, this sometimes leads to regressive middle-man. Explanations without actually explaining the real nature of a function or a process. Instead, it explains the concept in terms of the concept itself, without first defining or explaining the original concept. * Inflation Of Conflict The experts of a field of knowledge disagree on a certain point, so the scholars must know nothing, and therefore the legitimacy of their entire field is put to question. * Incomplete comparison – where not enough information is provided to make a complete comparison. * Inconsistent comparison – where different methods of comparison are used, leaving one with a false impression of the whole comparison. * Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion, missing the point) – an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. * Kettle logic – using multiple inconsistent arguments to defend a position. * Mind projection fallacy – when one considers the way he sees the world as the way the world really is. * Moving the goalposts (raising the bar) – argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded. * Nirvana fallacy (perfect solution fallacy) – when solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect. * Onus probandi – from Latin onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat the burden of proof is on the person who makes the claim, not on the person who denies (or questions the claim). It is a particular case of the argumentum ad ignorantiam fallacy, here the burden is shifted on the person defending against the assertion. * Petitio principii – see begging the question. * Post hoc ergo propter hoc Latin for after this, therefore because of this (false cause, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – X happened then Y happened; therefore X caused Y. * Proof by verbosity (argumentum verbosium, proof by intimidation) – submission of others to an argument too complex and verbose to reasonably deal with in all its intimate details. (See also Gish Gallop and argument from authority.) * Prosecutors fallacy – a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found. * Psychologists fallacy – an observer presupposes the objectivity of his own perspective when analyzing a behavioral event. * Red herring – a speaker attempts to distract an audience by deviating from the topic at hand by introducing a separate argument which the speaker believes will be easier to speak to. * Regression fallacy – ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations. It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy. * Reification (hypostatization) – a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity. In other words, it is the error of treating as a real thing something which is not a real thing, but merely an idea. * Retrospective determinism – the argument that because some event has occurred, its occurrence must have been inevitable beforehand. * Shotgun argumentation the arguer offers such a large number of arguments for their position that the opponent cant possibly respond to all of them. (See Argument by verbosity and Gish Gallop, above.) * Special pleading – where a proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption. * Wrong direction – cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa. Faulty generalizations – reach a conclusion from weak premises. Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. A faulty generalization is thus produced. * Accident – an exception to a generalization is ignored. * No true Scotsman – when a generalization is made true only when a counterexample is ruled out on shaky grounds. * Cherry picking (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence) – act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position. * False analogy – an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. * Hasty generalization (fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid, converse accident) – basing a broad conclusion on a small sample. * Misleading vividness – involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem. * Overwhelming exception – an accurate generalization that comes with qualifications which eliminate so many cases that what remains is much less impressive than the initial statement might have led one to assume. * Pathetic fallacy – when an inanimate object is declared to have characteristics of animate objects. * Thought-terminating clichà © – a commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance, conceal lack of thought-entertainment, move onto other topics etc. but in any case, end the debate with a cliche—not a point. A Red Herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion. Red herring – argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. * Ad hominem – attacking the arguer instead of the argument. * Poisoning the well – a type of ad hominem where adverse information about a target is presented with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says. * Abusive fallacy – a subtype of ad hominem when it turns into name-calling rather than arguing about the originally proposed argument. * Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to the stick, appeal to force, appeal to threat) – an argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position. * Argumentum ad populum (appeal to widespread belief, bandwagon argument, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people) – where a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so. * Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. * Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share a property they are the same * Appeal to authority – where an assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it. * Appeal to accomplishment – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on the accomplishments of the proposer. * Appeal to consequences (argumentum ad consequentiam) – the conclusion is supported by a premise that asserts positive or negative consequences from some course of action in an attempt to distract from the initial discussion. * Appeal to emotion – where an argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning. * Appeal to fear – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by increasing fear and prejudice towards the opposin g side. * Appeal to flattery – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made due to the use of flattery to gather support. * Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) – an argument attempts to induce pity to sway opponents. * Appeal to ridicule – an argument is made by presenting the opponents argument in a way that makes it appear ridiculous. * Appeal to spite – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made through exploiting peoples bitterness or spite towards an opposing party * Wishful thinking – a specific type of appeal to emotion where a decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason. * Appeal to motive – where a premise is dismissed by calling into question the motives of its proposer * Appeal to novelty (argumentum ad novitam) – where a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern. * Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) * Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitam) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. * Appeal to nature wherein judgement is based solely on whether the subject of judgement is natural or unnatural. For example (hypothetical): Cannabis is healthy because it is natural * Appeal to wealth (argumentum ad crumenam) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is wealthy (or refuting because the arguer is poor). (Sometimes taken together with the appeal to poverty as a general appeal to the arguers financial situation.) * Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio) – a conclusion based on silence or lack of contrary evidence. * Bulverism (Psychogenetic Fallacy) inferring why an argument is being used, associating it to some psychological reason, then assuming it is invalid as a result. It is wrong to assume that if the origin of an idea comes from a biased mind, then the idea itself must also be a false. * Chronological snobbery – where a thesis is deemed incorrect because it was commonly held when something else, clearly false, was also commonly held * Genetic fallacy – where a conclusion is suggested based solely on something or someones origin rather than its current meaning or context. * Judgmental language – insulting or pejorative language to influence the recipients judgment * Naturalistic fallacy (is–ought fallacy, naturalistic fallacy) – claims about what ought to be on the basis of statements about what is. * Reductio ad Hitlerum (playing the Nazi card) – comparing an opponent or their argument to Hitler or Nazism in an attempt to associate a position with one that is universally reviled (See also – Godwins law) * Straw man – an argument based on misrepresentation of an opponents position. * Texas sharpshooter fallacy – improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data. * Tu quoque (you too, appeal to hypocrisy) – the argument states that a certain position is false or wrong and/or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position. * Two wrongs make a right – occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out. Conditional or questionable fallacies * Black swan blindness – the argument that ignores low probability, high impact events, thus down playing the role of chance and under-representing known risks. * Broken window fallacy – an argument which disregards lost opportunity costs (typically non-obvious, difficult to determine or otherwise hidden) associated with destroying property of others, or other ways of externalizing costs onto others. For example, an argument that states breaking a window generates income for a window fitter, but disregards the fact that the money spent on the new window cannot now be spent on new shoes. * Definist fallacy – involves the confusion between two notions by defining one in terms of the other. * Naturalistic fallacy – attempts to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition of the term good in terms of either one or more claims about natural properties (sometimes also taken to mean the appeal to nature) or Gods will. * Slippery slope (thin edge of the wedge, camels nose) – asserting that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact/event that should not happen, thus the first step should not happen. While this fallacy is a popular one, the it is, in its essence, an appeal to probability fallacy. (e.g if person x does y then z would (probably) occur, leading to q, leading to w, leading to e.)

The Unique relationship between God & Mankind in Genesis Essay

The relationship between God and his creations humans can be said to be a very complex relationship. Genesis shows us many examples of God's interaction with humans and human's interaction with each other. From the creation of Adam and Eve and all the events that follow afterwards, I shall show what the relationship tells us about the nature of God and mankind. When you read chapter one of Genesis you have the feeling that God is perfect. God holds all power and control. God turns chaos into order. "God said 'Let there be light.' And there was light, And God saw the light, that it was good" (Gen 1. 3). God's word is action, God's word is law in the universe. When God creates something, he ends it with God seeing that's its good. This is in effect giving support to the perfect nature that is God and the creations God has made. "God does not play dice" (Armstrong 9), God has order and a purpose for what he makes. An important aspect to God is seen while he is creating the world. He separates water from land. Light from Darkens, Day and Night, Male and Female. This shows that boundaries are important to God. We see examples where God put boundaries on mankind with their language by mixing the language up so confuse man and killing off the evil from the good. With the creation of man and woman God forms them out of his image. ?And God created the human in his image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them? (Gen 1.27). Alter says ?him as in the Hebrew is grammatically but not anatomically masculine?. So in interpretation the first human had no gender. Then on the third line ?male and female he created them? implies the creation of gender. The importance of this is that the first form of ?man? had n... ...ed a part to him. First we see God as omnipotent then we see God asking where Adam and Eve are hiding (Not being omnipotent). With the creation of mankind God loses some part of his Godliness and he gains some humanity. God has a little human in himself and we have a little God in us. But the main point still is the same, God is the authority over man and will remain this way. I also feel that the God in the bible is truly no different than the Gods of Greece for example. The God of ancient Greece acted just like humans, the only difference was that they were immortal. The God of the bible seems to act just like humans, shows love, anger, regret, learns from mistakes and so forth. So in the end God shows flaws and learns from mistakes. God is like humans, maybe this is why we don?t understand God sometimes because we can?t understand other people and their actions.

Political and familial contexts Essay

Examine the ways in which the political and familial contexts and relationships are established in Act I of the play. The politics of the Italian Court in the play are revealed to the audience as corrupt and unethical, also exposing the state of the English Court in this period. Webster could not have written about it directly and so it is shown through the setting in Malfi. This corruption is mainly embodied by Ferdinand and the Cardinal, who are the most politically powerful characters in the play. Their power in the Court is reflected in their familial relationships with the Duchess. The venality of the Court in Malfi is first suggested by Antonio who describes the general make-up of politics in any region using the analogy of a fountain, ‘whence should flow pure silver drops’ but can be poisoned at the top thereby, ‘death and diseases through the whole land spread. ‘ As it seems to have done in Malfi, as the two most powerful figures are so moraless. Antonio is also describing the effectiveness and purity of the French Court in this dialogue, which emphasises the corruption in Italy. Bosola who himself is seemingly amoral, being introduced to the audience by Antonio as the ‘court-gall’, directly refers to Ferdinand and his brother, the Cardinal likening them to ‘plum trees that grow crooked’. He suggests that too much power and riches has made them so, but also that they are surrounded by ‘flatt’ring sycophants’ who are like ‘crows’ and ‘caterpillars’ and use them to gain power and wealth for themselves. This analogy can be linked with Antonio’s, to say that the corruption at the top of Ferdinand and the Cardinal has affected the rest of the court and made them equally depraved and greedy. It is ironic that Bosola describes these people with such distaste as he himself is a flattering ‘pander’ hoping to improve his position in court. The Cardinal could be seen as possibly the most underhanded character in the play because he is supposed to be a man of God and so his crookedness is emphasised. In the Cardinal’s first appearance Bosola mocks his religious position, shown by the hyperbole, ‘With all your divinity,’ thus revealing the Cardinal’s religious values to be almost non-existent. Delio explains Bosola’s bitterness towards the Cardinal to Antonio, and reveals that he was put in the galleys for seven years for a murder he was commissioned to do by the Cardinal. This blatant unjust act again is an example of his clear corruption. Further into Act One, the Cardinal initiates the employment of Bosola as a spy in order to keep an eye on the Duchess, his power is clear at this point because he makes Ferdinand negotiate with Bosola as he ‘would not be seen in’t’, demonstrating his apparent control even over his own brother, the Duke of Malfi. His power is paralleled with his astuteness, as Ferdinand suggests Antonio instead of Bosola for the job and the Cardinal correctly observes ‘His nature is too honest’ showing his ability to read people making him all the more powerful. Ferdinand is also clever, he can see through the flatterers in the court purposely trying to get in his favour such as Castruchio, who constantly and unnecessarily addresses him as ‘my lord’ and tries to dissuade him from going to war. Ferdinand recognises this and makes a mockery of him, sarcastically commenting about his pun, ‘Why, there’s a wit were able to undo all the surgeons of the city’. His power and control here is also made clear, as he gets angry when they laugh without him laughing, ‘take fire when I give fire, that is, laugh when I laugh. ‘