Shakespeares Definition Of A Ghost Essay - 1172 Words

Shakespeares Definition of a Ghost nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The American Heritage Dictionary, published in 1973, defines a ghost as, quot;the spirit or shade of a dead person, supposed to haunt living persons or former habitats.quot; Unfortunately, this simple definition does not explain where a ghost comes from or why it haunts. When used in the context of Shakespeares Hamlet, this definition seems to suggest that the ghost who visits Hamlet truly is his dead father seeking revenge. To the modern reader, this straightforward interpretation adequately characterizes the ghost and his purpose; however, to the Elizabethan audience the ghosts identity proved more complex. For the Elizabethans, four different types of ghosts†¦show more content†¦Thus, as an omen, the ghost does little more than foreshadow the coming tragedy in Shakespeares Hamlet. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When Hamlet first encounters the ghost he truly believes it is his father. Perhaps out of shock, Hamlet quickly certifies the validity of the ghost, quot;It is an honest ghost, that let me tell youquot; (I.v.138). Hamlets trust in the ghost causes him to promise revenge before he has clearly processed the possible consequences; Hamlet does not ask questions, he simply believes. According to custom, if a father was killed it was up to the son to seek the proper reparations, often the death of the murderer. Thus it is no wonder that Hamlets thoughts rapidly turn toward revenge once he hears the ghosts story. Hamlet cannot be blamed for his initial trust; it is typical of a first emotional reaction to rush blindly without considering consequences or repercussions. Furthermore, Shakespeare makes it clear at the beginning of the play that Hamlets mourning is especially deep and prolonged, quot;How is it that the clouds still hang on you?quot; (I.ii.65) questions Claudius. Hamlet wants to believe the ghost because its presence allows him to converse with a father he so dearly misses, and whose untimely death preventedShow MoreRelatedOccult and Supernatural Elements in Macbeth1402 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough Macbeth is not classed as being a supernatural play or a play of the occult, there are some elements in the play that Shakespeare uses to effect. It is necessary however, to define what is meant by the terms ‘occult’ and ‘supernatural’: the term ‘occult’ is defined as being ‘supernatural beliefs, practises or phenomenon’ and the term ‘supernatural’ is defined as being ‘attributed to some force beyond scientific understanding or the laws of nature’; both these terms can be associated withRead MoreNatural vs. Unnatural in Shakespeare ´ s Macbeth Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesNatural vs. Unnatural The term supernatural was first used in 1520-30 AD. The definition of supernatural is â€Å"that which is not subject to the laws of physics, or more figuratively, that which is said to exist above and beyond nature† (â€Å"Supernatural†). The term supernatural, or unnatural, refers to paranormal, religions, and magic. Macbeth was written in 1606 and contains many of the unnatural elements listed above. In Macbeth, the supernatural plays a huge part in the play. The play is more focusedRead MoreMadness versus Reality in Hamlet1550 Words   |  6 Pages In an instance where the avenger himself dies then many plays reveal the appearance of avengers ghost who seeks revenge through unnatural means of fear and support from others (Stoll, 1908). Problem plays were one of the Shakespeares specialties and a play like Hamlet which is a master piece in problem plays, drew attention of masses towards him. The term was coined in 19th century. Shakespeare has written other plays sharing the same theme out of which Alls Well that Ends Well, Troilus andRead MoreHamlet and New Historicism795 Words   |  4 PagesNew Historicism is a modern literary theory that focuses on how events, culture, and places within a society influence a written work. New Historicists analyze allusions to characteristics of the time period in which the work was written. By definition, new historicism seeks to discover the significance in a text by taking into account the work within the construction of the established ideas and assumptions of its historical era. Literary texts are entrenched with historical context and the authorRead MoreThe Supernatural Element in Shakespeare’s Hamlet Essay1130 Words   |  5 Pagesmotif in Shakespeare’s man y plays is the supernatural element, to which Hamlet , with the presence of a ghost, is no exception. The story of Hamlet, the young prince of Denmark, is one of tragedy, revenge, deception, and ghosts. Shakespeare’s use of the supernatural element helps give a definition to the play by being the catalyst of the tragedy that brings upon Hamlet’s untimely demise. The ghost that appears at the beginning of the play could possibly be a satanic figure that causes Hamlet to engageRead MoreThe Ghost Of The Late King Hamlet1374 Words   |  6 PagesAlthough some may think the ghost of the late King Hamlet in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet is a demon, but the truth is that Hamlet’s father didn t reveal himself to anyone besides Hamlet because he knew his son would avenge his death allowing him to receive divine in Heaven. Throughout the Elizabethan Era no one in that time period knew how much of an influence they would have on all of the world. In Caffery’s words, â€Å"[The] Elizabethan Era was a period of time from 1558 to 1603 known asRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 PagesWesley Ray Elliott December 7th, 2015 Honors English IV Mrs. Joyner Sanity VS. Insanity â€Å"Hamlet represents the mid period of the growth of Shakespeare s genius, when comedy and history ceased to be adequate for the expression of his deeper thoughts and sadder feelings about life, and when he was entering upon his great series of tragic writings† (The World s Best Essays from the Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. HamletRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental component of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, t he arguableRead MoreThe Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare1482 Words   |  6 PagesSignificance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare In this essay, I will consider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. In his plays, Shakespeare could comment on these things and makeRead MoreExamples Of Tragic Hero In Julius Caesar905 Words   |  4 PagesGreek philosopher Aristotle once stated that â€Å"a man cannot become a hero until he can see the root of his own downfall.† By Shakespearean definition, a tragic hero is someone of high position such as a nobleman, who has hamartia, a tragic flaw that leads to his downfall, and even his demise. This is strongly illustrated in Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare, where Marcus Brutus’ desire to remain noble and honourable leads him to naivety and self destruction. The plot of the play revolves around

Risk Management For Bidding Strategy Of Wind Power Producer

Risk Management for Bidding Strategy of Wind Power Producer in Electricity Market: Comparative Study Line 1: Authors Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 2: Author’s Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 3 (of Affiliation): Dept. name of organization Line 4: name of organization, acronyms acceptable Line 5: City, Country Line 6: e-mail address if desired Line 1: Authors Name/s per 2nd Affiliation Line 2: Author’s Name/s per 1st Affiliation Line 3 (of Affiliation): Dept. name of organization Line 4: name of organization, acronyms acceptable Line 5: City, Country Line 6: e-mail address if desired Abstract—Basic guidelines for the preparation of a technical paper for an IEEE Power Energy Society Conference are presented. This electronic document is a â€Å"live† template. The various components of your paper [title, text, headings, etc.] are already defined, as illustrated by the portions given in this document. The abstract is limited to 150 words and cannot contain equations, figures, tables, or references. It should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results, and their significance. Index Terms--The author shall provide up to 5 keywords (in alphabetical order) to help identify the major topics of the paper. The thesaurus of IEEE indexing keywords is posted at http://www.ieee.org/organizations/pubs/ani_prod/keywrd98.txt. Nomenclature The most important notations used throughout the paper are listed below for quick reference. Indices and Sets: t Index for timeShow MoreRelatedE-on Uk Porters 5 Forces1316 Words   |  6 Pages. Strategy Concept Models and Issues- EON U.K – Porter’s Five Forces Michael Porter created an industry analysis model to allow managers to assess the nature of their businesses in an industrial context, creating a competitive advantage over rival firms. 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Monkey Paw free essay sample

A Misfortune of Fate Through out history, people attempted to change their fate to fulfill their desires. In the short story â€Å"The Monkey’s Paw† by W. W. Jacobs, the White family’s simple life is dramatically changed when they do not listen to the advice about a magical monkey’s paw. With the hope of making their lives better by wishing for money, the White family quickly leans that the gains do not weigh the repercussions.In this story, the author foreshadows the White family’s inevitable downfall and uses dramatic irony and foreboding imagery to convey that people should appreciate what they have; attempting to change fate can cause great misfortune. Throughout the story, Jacobs foreshadows the White family’s demise do to their ungrateful attitude and ignorance of fate’s power. When the White family ignores the advice of the sergeant, it seems inevitable that a tragic event will occur. We will write a custom essay sample on Monkey Paw or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While the sergeant introduces the paw, he warns the Whites that the wish of the previous owners â€Å"third was for death† (52) The White family is careless to not take heed of the sergeant’s warning as most reasonable people would. The White family’s carelessness resulted in the death of their son, Herbert White. The next afternoon a stranger from Herbert’s company appeared that the White household. He told Mr. and Mrs. White that their son â€Å"was caught in the machinery† (55) Although Herbert was lost to death, Mr. and Mrs. White is rewarded two-hundred pounds for condolences; their wish was granted.The remaining of the White family now realizes their ignorance is being punished by fate’s power. The author also uses dramatic irony when the White family experiences a great tragedy due to their desires of wealth. As Mr. White makes a wish for two-hundred pounds, his son, Herbert, doubts the power of the paw. Mocking the paw after his father makes the rebellious wish; he says â€Å"I expect you’ll find the cash tied up in a big bag† (53) with no other thought of something more important, Mr. White greedily makes a wish for money other than a selfless person who would wish for something that would help everyone.Foolishly, Herbert makes fun of the paw which leads him to the end of his life. As the day goes by, the White family goes through their normal routine. Suddenly a stranger comes to their house and tells Mr. and Mrs. White that Herbert â€Å"was caught in the machinery† (55) and for condolences, they were given two-hundred pounds. The thoughtless mistake of Mr. White resulted in the horrible death of Herbert. Fate’s decision to settle things is to exchange Herbert’s life for the money. There were grave consequences due to the greed of the White family.In the short story, the author created a frightening sense of foreboding imagery to portray the mysteries of this magical paw. Jacobs places the story where â€Å"the night [is] cold and wet, bit in the small parlor†¦ the fire [is] burning brightly† (50). This begins the story to be a small fragile house in a dark, scary area. The story creates a contradiction between a hostile world outside and a simple warm inside from harms way. A frightening environment is used to portray the misfortunate events that take place in this short story. As the sergeant shows the paw to the White family, he tells Mr.White that this paw is not an object of happiness. He argues with the sergeant that he should keep the paw, so the sergeant tells his that â€Å"if you keep, don’t blame me for what happens† (52). The White family was told to take caution with the possession of the paw. From what the sergeant said, the magical paw will create a mass destruction in the White family’s life. The mysterious atmosphere Jacobs creates is a whole new world that is introduces to the magical paw. The aftermath of the tragic events that affects the White family conveys the consequences for being greedy as was expected from the onset.These horrific ordeals demonstrate the attempt of trying to change one’s destiny when the disastrous event that Jacobs foreshadows comes from the fruition; it is clear that tampering with fate leads to the demise of the White family. Similarly, the foreboding imagery creates a suspenseful mood that reflects the cursed life the Whites are bound to live. Irony gives an intake of mystery and shock that the White family experiences. As society deems wealth and fame as more significant aspects of life, it is vital to remember what is truly important.

Summary of the Indolence of Filipinos Essay Example For Students

Summary of the Indolence of Filipinos Essay The Indolence of the Filipinos In this essay of Rizal, he observed the behaviors of the Filipinos past and present in his time. He said that the indolence is the effect of the backwardness and troubles of experienced by the country. In the start of his essay he said that the hot climate is a reasonable predisposition for indolence. By this he means that the Europeans have a cold climate thus they need to move around more to compensate with their climate, they also make more food for storage in case a calamity strikes, and that produces more work. The Spaniards labeled us as bums and lazy people because they are egocentric. We will write a custom essay on Summary of the Indolence of Filipinos specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now That clearly doesn’t show that we are lazy. It simply shows that we are contented with our way of living. Carrying on with the essay, Rizal said that an illness will worsen if the wrong treatment is given. Before, early Filipinos were already carrying out trades; they were into agriculture and mining. That shows that we are hardworking and independent group of people. We have a society that is clearly showing off progress. When the Spaniards arrived they criticize our way of living. That eventually led to changing the Filipino culture. So what makes our country not achieve progress? Sadly, we have a misfortune past. When the Spaniards arrived, the frequent wars, insurrections, and invasions have brought disorder to the communities, thus resulting to chaos and destruction. Filipino men have been brought to different countries to fight wars for Spain, force labor was implemented to ship yards and natives move to mountains because of the abuses the Spaniards has brought to them. That caused resulted to decrease in Filipino population, neglect of farms and trauma. Trade has declined, because of pirate attacks and the many restrictions imposed by the government, which gives no aid for crops and farmers. This and the abuse suffered by farmers have caused many to abandon the fields. Businesses were monopolized by government officials, discrimination in education against natives, red tape and bribery operate, and gambling was tolerated by the government. This situation is compounded by the Church’s wrong doctrine which holds that the rich will not go to heaven, thus engendering a wrong attitude toward work. This notion of work makes the Filipino people think that the poorer you are the higher the chance of you getting to heaven. That makes the Filipinos do less work and thus making them ignorant and lazy. In this we see that the natives have poor education, unfair opportunities and discrimination of races. They think that they are an inferior race that they submit to the foreign culture and imitate it. Rizal said that for the Filipinos to progress they must have education and liberty. Filipinos are lazy yes, but we were once a progressing race. Let us be united and be what we are again. Education is the foundation; unity is the push we need to globally competitive.

Free Essays on Physical Therapy

The principles of physical therapy have been part of the healing arts since the beginning of recorded time. The instinctive rubbing of a bruise or an ache is a basic form of physical therapy. As early as 3000 B.C., the Chinese used rubbing as a therapeutic measure. Hippocrates advocated it in his writings in 460 B.C. The Romans, as well as every other civilization, used it. Finally, in 1812, Peter Hanley Ling developed the first scientific basis for therapeutic massage. Hand in hand with the development of massage went scientific muscle re-education or training. Sometimes this was accomplished with mechanical assistance. But, just as often, it involved the therapist moving the limbs of the patient in specific patterns. Other standard treatments in the physical therapist’s arsenal have their origins in the early healing arts. For example, hydrotherapy was celebrated by Homer as the cure for the wounded Hector, while the Nile and the Ganges were worshipped for their healing properties. But modern physical therapy in the United States was established by the Surgeon General’s office on August 22, 1917 with the inauguration of the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction. Persons assigned to this division were charged with not only physical reconstruction programs for the war injured, but educational and vocational training programs as well.... Free Essays on Physical Therapy Free Essays on Physical Therapy The principles of physical therapy have been part of the healing arts since the beginning of recorded time. The instinctive rubbing of a bruise or an ache is a basic form of physical therapy. As early as 3000 B.C., the Chinese used rubbing as a therapeutic measure. Hippocrates advocated it in his writings in 460 B.C. The Romans, as well as every other civilization, used it. Finally, in 1812, Peter Hanley Ling developed the first scientific basis for therapeutic massage. Hand in hand with the development of massage went scientific muscle re-education or training. Sometimes this was accomplished with mechanical assistance. But, just as often, it involved the therapist moving the limbs of the patient in specific patterns. Other standard treatments in the physical therapist’s arsenal have their origins in the early healing arts. For example, hydrotherapy was celebrated by Homer as the cure for the wounded Hector, while the Nile and the Ganges were worshipped for their healing properties. But modern physical therapy in the United States was established by the Surgeon General’s office on August 22, 1917 with the inauguration of the Division of Special Hospitals and Physical Reconstruction. Persons assigned to this division were charged with not only physical reconstruction programs for the war injured, but educational and vocational training programs as well....

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships

Understanding Different Types of Navy Ships The Navy has a large variety of ships in the fleet. The most well-known types are the aircraft carriers, submarines, and destroyers. The Navy operates worldwide from many bases. The large ships   aircraft carrier groups, submarines, and destroyers travel around the world. Smaller ships such as the Littoral Combat Ship are based near their place of operations. Learn more about the many types of Navy ships in the water today. Aircraft Carriers Aircraft carriers carry fighter aircraft and have runways allowing the aircraft to take off and land. A carrier has about 80 aircraft on board a powerful force when deployed. All current aircraft carriers are nuclear-powered. Americas aircraft carriers are the best in the world, carry the most planes and operate more efficiently than any other countries carriers. Submarines Submarines travel underwater and carry an array of weapons on board. Submarines are stealthy Navy assets for attacking enemy ships and missile deployment. A submarine may stay underwater on patrol for six months. Guided Missile Cruisers The Navy has 22 guided missile cruisers  that carry Tomahawks, Harpoons, and other missiles. These vessels are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles.are designed to provide defense against enemy aircraft and missiles. Destroyers Destroyers are designed to provide land attack capability as well as air, water surface, and submarine defense capabilities. There are about 57 destroyers currently in use and several more under construction. Destroyers have massive weapons including missiles, large diameter guns, and small diameter weapons. One of the newest destroyers is the DDG-1000, which is designed to have a minimal crew while delivering a huge amount of power were ever deployed. Frigates Frigates are smaller offensive weapons carrying a 76 mm gun, Phalanx close-in weapons, and torpedoes. These are used for counterdrug operations and provide defensive capabilities when escorting other ships. Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) The Littoral Combat Ships are a newer breed of Navy ships providing the multi-mission capability. The LCS can change from mine hunting, unmanned boat and helicopter platforms and special operations warfare to reconnaissance practically overnight. The Littoral Combat Ships are designed to use a minimum number of crew members to lower the operating costs. Amphibious Assault Ships The amphibious assault ships provide the means for putting Marines on shore using helicopters and landing craft. Their primary purpose is facilitating Marine transport via helicopters so they have a large landing deck. The amphibious assault ships carry Marines, their equipment, and armored vehicles. Amphibious Transport Dock Ships Amphibious transport dock ships are used to carry Marines and landing craft for land assaults. These ships primary focus is landing craft based attacks. Dock Landing Ships Dock landing ships are a variation on the amphibious transport dock ships. These ships carry landing craft plus have maintenance and refueling abilities. Miscellaneous Ship Types Special purpose ships include command ships, coastal patrol boats, mine countermeasures ships, submarine tenders, joint high-speed vessels, Sea Fighters, submersibles, the  sailing frigate USS Constitution, oceanographic survey ships, and surveillance ships. The USS Constitution is the oldest ship in the US Navy and used for display and during flotillas. Small Boats Small boats are used for a variety of tasks including river operations, special operations craft, patrol boats, rigid hull inflatable boats, survey boats, and landing craft. Support Ships Support ships provide the necessary provisions that keep the Navy operates. There are combat stores on board them with supplies, food, repair parts, mail, and other goods. Then there are ammunition ships, fast combat support ships, cargo, and pre-positioned supply ships, rescue and salvage, tankers, tug boats, and hospital ships. The two Navy hospital ships are truly floating hospitals with emergency rooms, operating rooms, beds for recovering people, nurses, doctors, and dentists. These ships are used during wartime and for major natural disasters. The Navy employs a wide variety of ships, each with its own purpose and responsibilities. It has hundreds of ships from small ones to huge aircraft carriers.

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words Essay

Master dissertation proposal (outline)of about 600 words - Essay Example The purpose of introducing ICT in education is to enhance the language learning and educational activities of students and support the teaching process by means of computers, internet and the latest technologies. ICT has already become a part and parcel of young kids’ lives. The research will focus on questions like: has introducing ICT concepts at so young an age helped children discover, examine, explain and solve problems, foresee, argue and judge? For primary school children, that is, key stage 1 and 2, do teachers feel their responsibility where to make use of ICT tools to support language learning of the students? Is ICT also helping children with special needs or not? There are a lot of ICT tools available that help children with special needs adapt to their new learning environment which is more efficient and more helpful to them. Do these tools help children who find difficulties such as language hurdles, cultural hurdles, writing trouble (dysgraphia), reading difficu lties (dyslexia), math difficulties (dyscalculia), memorizing difficulties and environmental disadvantages? These issues have inspired me to conduct a research about ICT in CALL for young children. Harriet, Price. The Really Useful Book of ICT in the Early Years. United Kingdom, UK: Routledge, 2008. (This book helps explain the role of ICT in young children’s education especially their language learning process.) Siraj-Blatchford, Irum., & John Siraj-Blatchford. A Guide to Developing the ICT Curriculum for Early Childhood Education. United Kingdom, UK: Trentham Books, 2006. (This book is also a great help in understanding the importance of ICT in CALL in early childhood phases.) Questionnaires and personal interviews with teachers, parents and children will be conducted. I shall visit parents at homes and teachers and children at school. I shall conduct a comparative research based on results received from children

Justification Letter Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Justification Letter - Personal Statement Example Some of my clients in NY include Public Service Electric & Gas (PSEG), Chase/Chemnet Network Services, Bear Stearns Corporation, Swiss Bank Corporation, Perot Systems Corporation, HIS/Chic Jeans, Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceuticals, Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers Corporation, COMDISCO Corporation, Manufactures Hanover Bank (MHT), M&M Mars Corporation, Coopers & Lybrand, MasterCard International, Home Life Insurance Company, IBM Professional Services, Witco Chemical Corporation, The CIT Group and The General Foods Corporation. I transferred to the Washington DC area shortly after 9/11/2001 to look for contract work with the Government. The position at KForce was only presented to me as a full time employment and not as a sub-contract with Base Technology Incorporated. Hence, I was left with no alternative other than accept the position as such. I am very happy with my current position at US Customs and the people I work with. However, I am not an active employee of KGS in that I do not help to promote the company on any proposals etc. I really do not have any close ties to them. I have a hard time working as an employee of any company and feel better and perform better as an independent contractor because that is how I have lived the last 25 years prior to moving to the Wash DC area. It is my fervent desire to function under contract with you through STS and formally resign from my services with KGS forthwith. I now look forward to the pleasure of your favorable response at the earliest. Thank you, Faithfully yours, Jerry Harding

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay Example for Free

List of Fallacies in Argument Essay A Formal fallacy is an error in logic that can be seen in the arguments form without requiring an understanding of the arguments content. All formal fallacies are specific types of non sequiturs. * Appeal to probability – takes something for granted because it would probably be the case, (or might possibly be the case). * Argument from fallacy – assumes that if an argument for some conclusion is fallacious, then the conclusion itself is false. * Base rate fallacy – making a probability judgement based on conditional probabilities, without taking into account the effect of prior probabilities. * Conjunction fallacy – assumption that an outcome simultaneously satisfying multiple conditions is more probable than an outcome satisfying a single one of them. * Masked man fallacy (illicit substitution of identicals) – the substitution of identical designators in a true statement can lead to a false one. A Propositional fallacy is an error in logic that concerns compound propositions. For a compound proposition to be true, the truth values of its constituent parts must satisfy the relevant logical connectives which occur in it (most commonly: and, or, not, only if, if and only if). The following fallacies involve inferences whose correctness is not guaranteed by the behavior of those logical connectives, and hence, which are not logically guaranteed to yield true conclusions. Types of Propositional fallacies: * Affirming a disjunct – concluded that one disjunct of a logical disjunction must be false because the other disjunct is true; A or B; A; therefore not B. * Affirming the consequent – the antecedent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be true because the consequent is true; if A, then B; B, therefore A. * Denying the antecedent – the consequent in an indicative conditional is claimed to be false because the antecedent is false; if A, then B; not A, therefore not B. A quantification fallacy is an error in logic where the quantifiers of the premises are in contradiction to the quantifier of the conclusion. Types of Quantification fallacies: * Existential fallacy – an argument has a universal premise and a particular conclusion. Syllogistic fallacies – logical fallacies that occur in syllogisms. * Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise (illicit negative) – when a categorical syllogism has a positive conclusion, but at least one negative premise. * Fallacy of exclusive premises – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because both of its premises are negative. * Fallacy of four terms (quaternio terminorum) – a categorical syllogism that has four terms. * Illicit major – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its major term is not distributed in the major premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Illicit minor – a categorical syllogism that is invalid because its minor term is not distributed in the minor premise but distributed in the conclusion. * Negative conclusion from affirmative premises (illicit affirmative) – when a categorical syllogism has a negative conclusion but affirmative premises. * Fallacy of the undistributed middle – the middle term in a categorical syllogism is not distributed.[11] Informal fallacies – arguments that are fallacious for reasons other than structural (formal) flaws and which usually require examination of the arguments content. * Argument from ignorance (appeal to ignorance, argumentum ad ignorantiam) – assuming that a claim is true (or false) because it has not been proven false (true) or cannot be proven false (true). * Argument from repetition (argumentum ad nauseam) – signifies that it has been discussed extensively until nobody cares to discuss it anymore. * Argument from silence (argumentum e silentio) – where the conclusion is based on the absence of evidence, rather than the existence of evidence. * Argumentum verbosium – See Proof by verbosity, below. * Begging the question (petitio principii) – the failure to provide what is essentially the conclusion of an argument as a premise, if so required. * (shifting the) Burden of proof (see – onus probandi) – I need not prove my claim, you must prove it is false. * Circular reasoning – when the reasoner begins with what he or she is trying to end up with. * Circular cause and consequence – where the consequence of the phenomenon is claimed to be its root cause. * Continuum fallacy (fallacy of the beard, line-drawing fallacy, sorites fallacy, fallacy of the heap, bald man fallacy) – improperly rejecting a claim for being imprecise. * Correlation proves causation (cum hoc ergo propter hoc) – a faulty assumption that correlation between two variables implies that one causes the other. * Correlative-based fallacies * Suppressed correlative – where a correlative is redefined so that one alternative is made impossible. * Equivocation – the misleading use of a term with more than one meaning (by glossing over which meaning is intended at a particular time). * Ambiguous middle term – a common ambiguity in syllogisms in which the middle term is equivocated. * Ecological fallacy – inferences about the nature of specific individuals are based solely upon aggregate statistics collected for the group to which those individuals belong. * Etymological fallacy – which reasons that the original or historical meaning of a word or phrase is necessarily similar to its actual present-day meaning. * Fallacy of composition – assuming that something true of part of a whole must also be true of the whole. * Fallacy of division – assuming that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts. * False dilemma (false dichotomy, fallacy of bifurcation, black-or-white fallacy) – two alternative statements are held to be the only possible options, when in reality there are more. * If-by-whiskey – an argument that supports both sides of an issue by using terms that are selectively emotionally sensitive. * Fallacy of many questions (complex question, fallacy of presupposition, loaded question, plurium interrogationum) – someone asks a question that presupposes something that has not been proven or accepted by all the people involved. This fallacy is often used rhetorically, so that the question limits direct replies to those that serve the questioners agenda. * Ludic fallacy – the belief that the outcomes of a non-regulated random occurrences can be encapsulated by a statistic; a failure to take into account unknown unknowns in determining the probability of an events taking place. * Fallacy of the single cause (causal oversimplification) – it is assumed that there is one, simple cause of an outcome when in reality it may have been caused by a number of only jointly sufficient causes. * False attribution – an advocate appeals to an irrelevant, unqualified, unidentified, biased or fabricated source in support of an argument. * Fallacy of quoting out of context (contextomy) – refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original context in a way that distorts the sources intended meaning. * Argument to moderation (false compromise, middle ground, fallacy of the mean) – assuming that the compromise between two positions is always correct. * Gamblers fallacy – the incorrect belief that separate, independent events can affect the likelihood of another random event. If a coin flip lands on heads 10 times in a row, the belief that it is due to land on tails is incorrect. * Historians fallacy – occurs when one assumes that decision makers of the past viewed events from the same perspective and having the same information as those subsequently analyzing the decision.[29] (Not to be confused with presentism, which is a mode of historical analysis in which present-day ideas, such as moral standards, are projected into the past.) * Homunculus fallacy – where a middle-man is used for explanation, this sometimes leads to regressive middle-man. Explanations without actually explaining the real nature of a function or a process. Instead, it explains the concept in terms of the concept itself, without first defining or explaining the original concept. * Inflation Of Conflict The experts of a field of knowledge disagree on a certain point, so the scholars must know nothing, and therefore the legitimacy of their entire field is put to question. * Incomplete comparison – where not enough information is provided to make a complete comparison. * Inconsistent comparison – where different methods of comparison are used, leaving one with a false impression of the whole comparison. * Ignoratio elenchi (irrelevant conclusion, missing the point) – an argument that may in itself be valid, but does not address the issue in question. * Kettle logic – using multiple inconsistent arguments to defend a position. * Mind projection fallacy – when one considers the way he sees the world as the way the world really is. * Moving the goalposts (raising the bar) – argument in which evidence presented in response to a specific claim is dismissed and some other (often greater) evidence is demanded. * Nirvana fallacy (perfect solution fallacy) – when solutions to problems are rejected because they are not perfect. * Onus probandi – from Latin onus probandi incumbit ei qui dicit, non ei qui negat the burden of proof is on the person who makes the claim, not on the person who denies (or questions the claim). It is a particular case of the argumentum ad ignorantiam fallacy, here the burden is shifted on the person defending against the assertion. * Petitio principii – see begging the question. * Post hoc ergo propter hoc Latin for after this, therefore because of this (false cause, coincidental correlation, correlation without causation) – X happened then Y happened; therefore X caused Y. * Proof by verbosity (argumentum verbosium, proof by intimidation) – submission of others to an argument too complex and verbose to reasonably deal with in all its intimate details. (See also Gish Gallop and argument from authority.) * Prosecutors fallacy – a low probability of false matches does not mean a low probability of some false match being found. * Psychologists fallacy – an observer presupposes the objectivity of his own perspective when analyzing a behavioral event. * Red herring – a speaker attempts to distract an audience by deviating from the topic at hand by introducing a separate argument which the speaker believes will be easier to speak to. * Regression fallacy – ascribes cause where none exists. The flaw is failing to account for natural fluctuations. It is frequently a special kind of the post hoc fallacy. * Reification (hypostatization) – a fallacy of ambiguity, when an abstraction (abstract belief or hypothetical construct) is treated as if it were a concrete, real event or physical entity. In other words, it is the error of treating as a real thing something which is not a real thing, but merely an idea. * Retrospective determinism – the argument that because some event has occurred, its occurrence must have been inevitable beforehand. * Shotgun argumentation the arguer offers such a large number of arguments for their position that the opponent cant possibly respond to all of them. (See Argument by verbosity and Gish Gallop, above.) * Special pleading – where a proponent of a position attempts to cite something as an exemption to a generally accepted rule or principle without justifying the exemption. * Wrong direction – cause and effect are reversed. The cause is said to be the effect and vice versa. Faulty generalizations – reach a conclusion from weak premises. Unlike fallacies of relevance, in fallacies of defective induction, the premises are related to the conclusions yet only weakly buttress the conclusions. A faulty generalization is thus produced. * Accident – an exception to a generalization is ignored. * No true Scotsman – when a generalization is made true only when a counterexample is ruled out on shaky grounds. * Cherry picking (suppressed evidence, incomplete evidence) – act of pointing at individual cases or data that seem to confirm a particular position, while ignoring a significant portion of related cases or data that may contradict that position. * False analogy – an argument by analogy in which the analogy is poorly suited. * Hasty generalization (fallacy of insufficient statistics, fallacy of insufficient sample, fallacy of the lonely fact, leaping to a conclusion, hasty induction, secundum quid, converse accident) – basing a broad conclusion on a small sample. * Misleading vividness – involves describing an occurrence in vivid detail, even if it is an exceptional occurrence, to convince someone that it is a problem. * Overwhelming exception – an accurate generalization that comes with qualifications which eliminate so many cases that what remains is much less impressive than the initial statement might have led one to assume. * Pathetic fallacy – when an inanimate object is declared to have characteristics of animate objects. * Thought-terminating clichà © – a commonly used phrase, sometimes passing as folk wisdom, used to quell cognitive dissonance, conceal lack of thought-entertainment, move onto other topics etc. but in any case, end the debate with a cliche—not a point. A Red Herring fallacy is an error in logic where a proposition is, or is intended to be, misleading in order to make irrelevant or false inferences. In the general case any logical inference based on fake arguments, intended to replace the lack of real arguments or to replace implicitly the subject of the discussion. Red herring – argument given in response to another argument, which is irrelevant and draws attention away from the subject of argument. * Ad hominem – attacking the arguer instead of the argument. * Poisoning the well – a type of ad hominem where adverse information about a target is presented with the intention of discrediting everything that the target person says. * Abusive fallacy – a subtype of ad hominem when it turns into name-calling rather than arguing about the originally proposed argument. * Argumentum ad baculum (appeal to the stick, appeal to force, appeal to threat) – an argument made through coercion or threats of force to support position. * Argumentum ad populum (appeal to widespread belief, bandwagon argument, appeal to the majority, appeal to the people) – where a proposition is claimed to be true or good solely because many people believe it to be so. * Appeal to equality – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on an assumed pretense of equality. * Association fallacy (guilt by association) – arguing that because two things share a property they are the same * Appeal to authority – where an assertion is deemed true because of the position or authority of the person asserting it. * Appeal to accomplishment – where an assertion is deemed true or false based on the accomplishments of the proposer. * Appeal to consequences (argumentum ad consequentiam) – the conclusion is supported by a premise that asserts positive or negative consequences from some course of action in an attempt to distract from the initial discussion. * Appeal to emotion – where an argument is made due to the manipulation of emotions, rather than the use of valid reasoning. * Appeal to fear – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made by increasing fear and prejudice towards the opposin g side. * Appeal to flattery – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made due to the use of flattery to gather support. * Appeal to pity (argumentum ad misericordiam) – an argument attempts to induce pity to sway opponents. * Appeal to ridicule – an argument is made by presenting the opponents argument in a way that makes it appear ridiculous. * Appeal to spite – a specific type of appeal to emotion where an argument is made through exploiting peoples bitterness or spite towards an opposing party * Wishful thinking – a specific type of appeal to emotion where a decision is made according to what might be pleasing to imagine, rather than according to evidence or reason. * Appeal to motive – where a premise is dismissed by calling into question the motives of its proposer * Appeal to novelty (argumentum ad novitam) – where a proposal is claimed to be superior or better solely because it is new or modern. * Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) * Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitam) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. * Appeal to nature wherein judgement is based solely on whether the subject of judgement is natural or unnatural. For example (hypothetical): Cannabis is healthy because it is natural * Appeal to wealth (argumentum ad crumenam) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is wealthy (or refuting because the arguer is poor). (Sometimes taken together with the appeal to poverty as a general appeal to the arguers financial situation.) * Argument from silence (argumentum ex silentio) – a conclusion based on silence or lack of contrary evidence. * Bulverism (Psychogenetic Fallacy) inferring why an argument is being used, associating it to some psychological reason, then assuming it is invalid as a result. It is wrong to assume that if the origin of an idea comes from a biased mind, then the idea itself must also be a false. * Chronological snobbery – where a thesis is deemed incorrect because it was commonly held when something else, clearly false, was also commonly held * Genetic fallacy – where a conclusion is suggested based solely on something or someones origin rather than its current meaning or context. * Judgmental language – insulting or pejorative language to influence the recipients judgment * Naturalistic fallacy (is–ought fallacy, naturalistic fallacy) – claims about what ought to be on the basis of statements about what is. * Reductio ad Hitlerum (playing the Nazi card) – comparing an opponent or their argument to Hitler or Nazism in an attempt to associate a position with one that is universally reviled (See also – Godwins law) * Straw man – an argument based on misrepresentation of an opponents position. * Texas sharpshooter fallacy – improperly asserting a cause to explain a cluster of data. * Tu quoque (you too, appeal to hypocrisy) – the argument states that a certain position is false or wrong and/or should be disregarded because its proponent fails to act consistently in accordance with that position. * Two wrongs make a right – occurs when it is assumed that if one wrong is committed, another wrong will cancel it out. Conditional or questionable fallacies * Black swan blindness – the argument that ignores low probability, high impact events, thus down playing the role of chance and under-representing known risks. * Broken window fallacy – an argument which disregards lost opportunity costs (typically non-obvious, difficult to determine or otherwise hidden) associated with destroying property of others, or other ways of externalizing costs onto others. For example, an argument that states breaking a window generates income for a window fitter, but disregards the fact that the money spent on the new window cannot now be spent on new shoes. * Definist fallacy – involves the confusion between two notions by defining one in terms of the other. * Naturalistic fallacy – attempts to prove a claim about ethics by appealing to a definition of the term good in terms of either one or more claims about natural properties (sometimes also taken to mean the appeal to nature) or Gods will. * Slippery slope (thin edge of the wedge, camels nose) – asserting that a relatively small first step inevitably leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant impact/event that should not happen, thus the first step should not happen. While this fallacy is a popular one, the it is, in its essence, an appeal to probability fallacy. (e.g if person x does y then z would (probably) occur, leading to q, leading to w, leading to e.)

The Unique relationship between God & Mankind in Genesis Essay

The relationship between God and his creations humans can be said to be a very complex relationship. Genesis shows us many examples of God's interaction with humans and human's interaction with each other. From the creation of Adam and Eve and all the events that follow afterwards, I shall show what the relationship tells us about the nature of God and mankind. When you read chapter one of Genesis you have the feeling that God is perfect. God holds all power and control. God turns chaos into order. "God said 'Let there be light.' And there was light, And God saw the light, that it was good" (Gen 1. 3). God's word is action, God's word is law in the universe. When God creates something, he ends it with God seeing that's its good. This is in effect giving support to the perfect nature that is God and the creations God has made. "God does not play dice" (Armstrong 9), God has order and a purpose for what he makes. An important aspect to God is seen while he is creating the world. He separates water from land. Light from Darkens, Day and Night, Male and Female. This shows that boundaries are important to God. We see examples where God put boundaries on mankind with their language by mixing the language up so confuse man and killing off the evil from the good. With the creation of man and woman God forms them out of his image. ?And God created the human in his image, in the image of God He created him, male and female He created them? (Gen 1.27). Alter says ?him as in the Hebrew is grammatically but not anatomically masculine?. So in interpretation the first human had no gender. Then on the third line ?male and female he created them? implies the creation of gender. The importance of this is that the first form of ?man? had n... ...ed a part to him. First we see God as omnipotent then we see God asking where Adam and Eve are hiding (Not being omnipotent). With the creation of mankind God loses some part of his Godliness and he gains some humanity. God has a little human in himself and we have a little God in us. But the main point still is the same, God is the authority over man and will remain this way. I also feel that the God in the bible is truly no different than the Gods of Greece for example. The God of ancient Greece acted just like humans, the only difference was that they were immortal. The God of the bible seems to act just like humans, shows love, anger, regret, learns from mistakes and so forth. So in the end God shows flaws and learns from mistakes. God is like humans, maybe this is why we don?t understand God sometimes because we can?t understand other people and their actions.

Political and familial contexts Essay

Examine the ways in which the political and familial contexts and relationships are established in Act I of the play. The politics of the Italian Court in the play are revealed to the audience as corrupt and unethical, also exposing the state of the English Court in this period. Webster could not have written about it directly and so it is shown through the setting in Malfi. This corruption is mainly embodied by Ferdinand and the Cardinal, who are the most politically powerful characters in the play. Their power in the Court is reflected in their familial relationships with the Duchess. The venality of the Court in Malfi is first suggested by Antonio who describes the general make-up of politics in any region using the analogy of a fountain, ‘whence should flow pure silver drops’ but can be poisoned at the top thereby, ‘death and diseases through the whole land spread. ‘ As it seems to have done in Malfi, as the two most powerful figures are so moraless. Antonio is also describing the effectiveness and purity of the French Court in this dialogue, which emphasises the corruption in Italy. Bosola who himself is seemingly amoral, being introduced to the audience by Antonio as the ‘court-gall’, directly refers to Ferdinand and his brother, the Cardinal likening them to ‘plum trees that grow crooked’. He suggests that too much power and riches has made them so, but also that they are surrounded by ‘flatt’ring sycophants’ who are like ‘crows’ and ‘caterpillars’ and use them to gain power and wealth for themselves. This analogy can be linked with Antonio’s, to say that the corruption at the top of Ferdinand and the Cardinal has affected the rest of the court and made them equally depraved and greedy. It is ironic that Bosola describes these people with such distaste as he himself is a flattering ‘pander’ hoping to improve his position in court. The Cardinal could be seen as possibly the most underhanded character in the play because he is supposed to be a man of God and so his crookedness is emphasised. In the Cardinal’s first appearance Bosola mocks his religious position, shown by the hyperbole, ‘With all your divinity,’ thus revealing the Cardinal’s religious values to be almost non-existent. Delio explains Bosola’s bitterness towards the Cardinal to Antonio, and reveals that he was put in the galleys for seven years for a murder he was commissioned to do by the Cardinal. This blatant unjust act again is an example of his clear corruption. Further into Act One, the Cardinal initiates the employment of Bosola as a spy in order to keep an eye on the Duchess, his power is clear at this point because he makes Ferdinand negotiate with Bosola as he ‘would not be seen in’t’, demonstrating his apparent control even over his own brother, the Duke of Malfi. His power is paralleled with his astuteness, as Ferdinand suggests Antonio instead of Bosola for the job and the Cardinal correctly observes ‘His nature is too honest’ showing his ability to read people making him all the more powerful. Ferdinand is also clever, he can see through the flatterers in the court purposely trying to get in his favour such as Castruchio, who constantly and unnecessarily addresses him as ‘my lord’ and tries to dissuade him from going to war. Ferdinand recognises this and makes a mockery of him, sarcastically commenting about his pun, ‘Why, there’s a wit were able to undo all the surgeons of the city’. His power and control here is also made clear, as he gets angry when they laugh without him laughing, ‘take fire when I give fire, that is, laugh when I laugh. ‘

Bloodsucking Fiends: A Love Story Chapter 30~31

Chapter 30 Cops and Corpses â€Å"This guy is pissing me off,† Cavuto said, expelling a blue cloud of cigar smoke against the file drawers of the dead. â€Å"I hate this fucking guy.† He was standing over the body of Gilbert Bendetti, who had a thermometer sticking out of the side of his abdomen. â€Å"Inspector, there's no smoking allowed in here,† said a uniformed officer who had been called to the scene. Cavuto waved to the drawers. â€Å"Do you think they mind?† The officer shook his head. â€Å"No, sir.† Cavuto blew a stream of smoke at Gilbert. â€Å"And him, do you think he minds?† â€Å"No, sir.† â€Å"And you, Patrolman Jeeter, you don't mind, do you?† Jeeter cleared his throat. â€Å"Uh†¦ no, sir.† â€Å"Well, good,† Cavuto said. â€Å"Look on the side of the car, Jeeter. It says ‘Protect and Serve, not ‘Piss and Moan.  » â€Å"Yes, sir.† Rivera came through the double doors, followed by a tall, sixtyish man in a lab coat and silver wire-frame glasses. Cavuto looked up. â€Å"Doc, this guy done, or what?† The doctor pulled a surgical mask over his face as he approached the body. He bent over Gilbert and checked the thermometer. â€Å"He's been dead about four hours. I'd put the time of death between one and one-thirty. I won't be able to tell for sure until I finish the postmortem, but offhand I'd say myocardial infarction.† â€Å"I hate this guy,† Cavuto repeated. He looked down at Jody's toe tag, which was lying on the linoleum with a chalk circle drawn around it. â€Å"Any chance this guy misplaced the redhead?† The coroner looked up. â€Å"None at all. Someone removed the body.† Rivera had his notebook out and was scribbling as the doctor talked. â€Å"Any news on the one that just came in, the cowboy? Any blood loss?† â€Å"Again, I can't say for sure, but it looks like a broken neck is the cause of death. There may have been some blood loss, but not as much as we've seen with the others. Since he was sitting up, it could just be settling.† â€Å"What about the wound on the throat?† Rivera asked. â€Å"What wound?† the coroner said. â€Å"There was no wound on the throat; I checked the body myself.† Rivera's arms fell to his sides, his pen clattered on the linoleum. â€Å"Doctor, could you check again? Nick and I both saw distinct puncture wounds on the right side of the neck.† The doctor stood up and walked to the rack of drawers and pulled one out. â€Å"Check for yourself.† Cavuto and Rivera moved to either side of the drawer. Rivera turned Simon's head to the side while inspecting his neck. He looked up at Cavuto, who shook his head and walked away. â€Å"Nick, you saw it, right?† Cavuto nodded. Rivera turned to the doctor. â€Å"I saw the wounds, Doc, I swear. I've been doing this too long to get something like that wrong.† The coroner shrugged. â€Å"When was the last time you two slept?† â€Å"Together, you mean?† said Cavuto. The coroner frowned. Rivera said, â€Å"Thanks, Doc, we've got some more work at the other crime scene. We'll be back. Let's go, Nick.† Cavuto was standing over Gilbert again. â€Å"I hate this guy, and I hate that cowboy in the drawer. Did I mention that?† Rivera tuned on his heel and started toward the doors, then stopped and looked down. There was a distinct footprint on the linoleum in brown gravy. Made by a small foot, a woman's bare foot. Rivera turned to the coroner. â€Å"Doc, you got any women working here?† â€Å"Not down here. Only in the office.† â€Å"Fuck! Nick, come on, we need to talk.† Rivera stormed through the double doors, leaving them swinging. Cavuto ambled after him. He paused at the doors and turned back to the coroner. â€Å"He's moody, Doc.† The coroner nodded. â€Å"Nothing to the press about the blood loss, if there was any. And nothing about the missing body.† â€Å"Of course not. I have no desire to advertise that my office is losing bodies,† the coroner said. Rivera was waiting in the hallway when Cavuto came through the doors. â€Å"We've got to cut the kid loose, you know that.† â€Å"We can hold him another twenty-four hours.† â€Å"He didn't do it.† â€Å"Yeah, but he knows something.† â€Å"Maybe we should let him go and follow him.† â€Å"Give me one more shot at him. Alone.† â€Å"Whatever. We've got something else to consider too. You saw those puncture marks on the cowboy's throat the same as I did, right?† Cavuto chewed his cigar and looked at the ceiling. â€Å"Well?† Cavuto nodded. â€Å"Then maybe the others had wounds too. Maybe they had wounds that went away. And did you see the footprint?† â€Å"I saw it.† â€Å"Nick, do you believe in vampires?† Cavuto turned and walked down the hall. â€Å"I need a stiff one.† â€Å"You mean a drink?† Cavuto glared over his shoulder and growled. Rivera grinned. â€Å"I owed you that one.† Tommy guessed the temperature in the cell to be about sixty-five, but even so, his cellmate, the six-foot-five, two-hundred-fifty-pound, unshaven, unbathed, one-eyed psychopath with the Disney-character tattoos, was dripping with sweat. Maybe, Tommy thought, as he cowered in the corner behind the toilet, it's warmer up there on the bunk. Or maybe it's hard work trying to stare at someone menacingly, without blinking, for six hours when you only have one eye. â€Å"I hate you,† said One-Eye. â€Å"Sorry,† said Tommy. One-Eye stood up and flexed his biceps; Micky and Goofy bulged angrily. â€Å"Are you making fun of me?† Tommy didn't want to say anything, so he shook his head violently, trying to make sure that nothing remotely resembling a smile crossed his face. One-Eye sat down on the bunk and resumed menacing. â€Å"What are you in for?† â€Å"Nothing,† Tommy said. â€Å"I didn't do anything.† â€Å"Don't fuck with me, ass-wipe. What were you arrested for?† Tommy fidgeted, trying to work his way into the cinder-block wall. â€Å"Well, I put my girlfriend in the freezer, but I don't think that's a crime.† One-Eye, for the first time since he'd been put in the cell, smiled. â€Å"Me either. You didn't use an assault weapon, did you?† â€Å"Nope, a Sears frost-free.† â€Å"Oh, good; they're really tough on crimes with assault weapons.† â€Å"So,† Tommy said, venturing an inch out of the corner, â€Å"what are you in for?† Thinking baby-stomping, thinking cannibalism, thinking fast-food massacre. One-Eye hung his head. â€Å"Copyright infringement.† â€Å"You're kidding?† One-Eye frowned. Tommy slid back into his corner, adding, â€Å"Really? That's bad.† One-Eye pulled off his ratty T-shirt. The Seven Dwarfs danced across his massive chest between knife and bullet scars. On his stomach, Snow White and Cinderella were locked in a frothy embrace of mutual muffin munching. â€Å"Yeah, I made the mistake of walking around without a shirt. A Disney executive who was up here on vacation saw me down by the wharf. He called their legal pit bulls.† Tommy shook his head in sympathy. â€Å"I didn't know they put you in jail for copyright infringement.† â€Å"Well, they don't, really. It was when I ripped the guy's shoulders out of their sockets that the police got involved.† â€Å"That's not a crime either, is it?† One-Eye rubbed his temples as if it was excruciating to remember. â€Å"It was in front of his kids.† â€Å"Oh,† Tommy said. â€Å"Flood, on your feet,† a guard said from the cell door. Inspector Nick Cavuto stood behind him. â€Å"C'mon, cutie,† Cavuto said. â€Å"We're going for a last walk.† The blood-high wasn't racing through her with flush and fever as it always had before. No, it was more like the satisfying fullness of a lasagna dinner chased with double espressos. Still, the strength sang in her limbs; she ripped the loft-door dead bolts through the metal doorjamb as easily as she had torn the plastic crime-scene tape the police had put across the door. Strange, she thought, there is a difference in drinking from a living body. Her remorse over killing Simon had passed in seconds and the predator mind had taken over. A new aspect of the predator had reared up this time, not just the instinct to hide and hunt, but to protect. If Tommy was in jail for putting her in the freezer, it meant that the police had also found Peary, and they would try to connect Tommy to the other murders. But if they found another victim while Tommy was behind bars, they would have to set him free. And she needed him to be free, first so that she could find out why he had frozen her, but more important, because it was time to turn the tables on the other vampire, and the only safe way to hunt him was to do it during daylight. She had bit Simon's neck and used the heel of her hand to pump his heart as she drank. There was no guilt or self-consciousness in the act; the predator mind had taken over. She found herself thinking about the burly fireman who had come to Transamerica to teach the employees earthquake preparedness, which had included a course in CPR. What would he think of one of his students' using his technique to pump lifeblood from the murdered? â€Å"I'm sorry, Fireman Frank, I sucked like an Electrolux, but it just wasn't enough. If it's any consolation, I didn't enjoy it.† What little strength she had gained from Simon's blood seemed to evaporate as she walked into the loft. It was in worse shape than the day the Animals had come for breakfast. The futon was bundled against the wall; the books had been taken out of their shelves and spread out on the floor; the cabinets hung open, their contents tumbled across the counters; and a fine patina of fingerprint powder covered every surface. She wanted to cry. It reminded her of the time she had lived with a heavy-metal bass player for two months, who had torn their apartment apart looking for money for drugs. Money? She ran to the bedroom and to the dresser where she had stashed the remaining cash the old vampire had given her. It was gone. She threw open the drawer where she kept her lingerie. She'd kept a couple thousand rolled up in a bra, a holdover habit from the days of hiding cash from the bass player. It was there. She had enough for a month's rent, but then what? It wouldn't matter if Tommy didn't stop the other vampire. He was going to kill them both, she was sure of it, and he was going to do it soon. As she weighed the rolls of bills in her hand, she heard someone open the stairwell door, then footfalls on the steps. She went to the kitchen and waited, crouched behind the counter. Someone was in the loft. A man. She could hear his heart – smell sweat and stale deodorant coming off him. Tommy's deodorant. She stood up. â€Å"Hi,† Tommy said. â€Å"Boy, am I glad to see you.† Chapter 31 He Was an Ex-Con, She Was Defrosted†¦ She started to lean over the counter to give him a hug, then stopped herself. â€Å"You look awful,† she said. He was unshaven, his hair stuck out in greasy tufts, and his clothes looked as if he'd slept in them. He hadn't. He hadn't slept at all. â€Å"Thanks,† he said. â€Å"You look a little tattered yourself.† She raised her hand to her hair, felt a tangle, and let it drop. â€Å"And I thought my red hair went so well with freezer burn.† â€Å"I can explain that.† She came around the counter and stood before him, not knowing whether to hold him or hit him. â€Å"That's a great dress. Is it new?† â€Å"It was a great dress before the gravy and cobbler melted all over it. What happened, Tommy? Why was I frozen?† He reached out to touch her face. â€Å"How are you? I mean, are you okay?† â€Å"Good time to ask.† She glared at him. He looked in her eyes, then away. â€Å"You're very beautiful, you know that?† He crumpled to the floor and sat with his back against the counter. â€Å"I'm so sorry, Jody. I didn't want to hurt you. I was just†¦ sort of lonely.† She felt tears welling in her eyes and wiped them away. He was genuinely sorry, she could tell. And she had always been a sucker for pathetic apologies, going back as far as the time the bass player she was seeing hocked her stereo. Or had that been the construction worker? â€Å"What happened?† she pressed. He stared at the floor and shook his head. â€Å"I don't know. I wanted someone to talk about books with. Someone who thought I was special. I met a girl at work. I was just going to meet her for coffee, nothing else. But I didn't think you'd understand. So I†¦ well, you know.† Jody sat down on the floor in front of him. â€Å"Tommy, you could have killed me.† â€Å"I'm sorry!† he screamed. â€Å"I'm afraid of you. You scare the hell out of me sometimes. I didn't think it would hurt you or I wouldn't have done it. I just wanted to feel special, but you're the special one. I just wanted to talk to someone who sees things the way I do, who can understand how I feel about things. I want to take you out and show you off, even during the day. I've never really had a girlfriend before. I love you. I want to share things with you.† He looked down, would not meet her gaze. Jody took his hand and squeezed it. â€Å"I know how you feel. You don't know how well I know. And I love you too.† Finally he looked at her, then pulled her into his arms. They held each other for a long time, rocking each other like crying children. A half hour passed, ticked off with tear-salty kisses, before she said, â€Å"Do you want to share a shower? I don't want to let go of you, and it'll be dawn soon.† Warmed and cleaned by the shower, they danced, still wet, though the dark bedroom, to fall together on the bare mattress. For Tommy, being with her, in her, was like coming to a place where he was safe and loved, and those dark and hostile things that walked the world outside were washed away in the smell of her damp hair, a soft kiss on the eyelid, and mingled whispers of love and reassurance. It had never been like this for Jody. It was escape from worry and suspicion and from the predator mind that had been rising for days like a shark to blood. There was no urge to feed, but a different hunger drove her to hold him deep and long and still, to envelop and keep him there forever. Her vampire senses rose to the touch of his hands, his mouth – as if finally her sense of touch had grown to feel life itself as pleasure. Love. When they finished she held his face against her breast and listened to his breathing becoming slow as he fell asleep. Tears crept from the corners of her eyes as dawn broke, releasing her from the night's last thought: I'm loved at last, and I have to give it up. Tommy was still sleeping at sundown. She kissed him gently on the forehead, then nipped his ear to wake him. He opened his eyes and smiled. She could see it in the dark; it was a genuine smile. â€Å"Hey,† he said. She snuggled against him. â€Å"We've got to get up. There's things to do.† â€Å"You're cold. Are you cold?† â€Å"I'm never cold.† She rolled out of bed and went to the light switch. â€Å"Eyes,† she warned as she flipped on the light. Tommy shielded his eyes. â€Å"For the love of God, Montressor!† â€Å"Poe?† she said. â€Å"Right?† â€Å"Yep.† â€Å"See? I can talk books.† Tommy sat up. â€Å"I'm sorry. I didn't give you a chance. I guess we were always talking about – about your condition.† She smiled and snatched a pair of jeans and a flannel shirt from the pile of clothes on the floor. â€Å"I talked to the other vampire the other night. That's why I left the note.† Tommy was wide awake now. â€Å"You talked to him? Where?† â€Å"In a club. I was mad at you. I wanted to go out. Show off.† â€Å"What did he say?† â€Å"He said it's almost over. Tommy, I think he's going to try and kill you, maybe both of us.† â€Å"Well, that sucks.† â€Å"And you've got to stop him.† â€Å"Me? Why me? You're the one with X-ray vision and stuff.† â€Å"He's too strong. I get the feeling he's really old. He's clever. I think that the longer that you're a vampire, the more you can do. I'm starting to feel†¦ well, sharper as time goes on.† â€Å"He's too strong for you, but you want me stop him? How?† â€Å"You'll have to get to him while he's sleeping.† â€Å"Kill him? Just like that? Even if I could find him, how would I kill him? Nothing hurts you guys – unless you have some kryptonite.† â€Å"You could drag him into the sunlight. Or cut his head off – I'm sure that would do it. Or you could totally dismember him and scatter the pieces.† Jody had to look away from him when she said this. It was as if someone else was talking. â€Å"Right,† Tommy said, â€Å"just shovel him into a garbage bag and get on the forty-two bus. Leave a piece at every stop. Are you nuts? I can't kill anyone, Jody. I'm not built that way.† â€Å"Well, I can't do it.† â€Å"Why don't we just go to Indiana? You'll like it there. I can get a union job and make my mom happy. You can learn to bowl. It'll be great – no dead guys in the freezer, no vampires†¦ â€Å"By the way, how'd you†¦ I mean, where did you thaw out?† â€Å"In the morgue. With a pervert all ready to live out his wet dreams on me.† â€Å"I'll kill him!† â€Å"Not necessary.† â€Å"You killed him? Jody, you can't keep – â€Å" â€Å"I didn't kill him. He just sort of died. But there's something else.† â€Å"I can't wait.† â€Å"The vampire killed Simon.† Tommy was shaken. â€Å"How? Where?† â€Å"The same way as the others. That's why the cops let you go.† Tommy took a minute to digest this, sat for a moment looking at his hands. He looked up and said, â€Å"How did you know I was in jail?† â€Å"You told me.† â€Å"I did?† â€Å"Of course. You were so tired last night. I'm not surprised you don't remember.† She buttoned up the flannel shirt. â€Å"Tommy, you've got to find the vampire and kill him. I think Simon was his last warning before he takes us.† Tommy shook his head. â€Å"I can't believe he got Simon. Why Simon?† â€Å"Because he was close to you. Come on, I'll make you coffee.† She started into the kitchen and tripped over the brass turtle. â€Å"What's this?† â€Å"Long story,† Tommy said. Jody looked around, listened for the sound of turtle claws. â€Å"Where's Scott and Zelda?† â€Å"I set them free. Go make coffee.† Rivera and Cavuto sat in an unmarked cruiser in the alley across the street from the loft, taking turns dozing and watching. It was Rivera's turn to watch while Cavuto snored in the driver's seat. Rivera didn't like the way things were going. Weird shit just seemed to follow him. His job was to find evidence and catch bad guys, but too often, especially in this case, the evidence pointed to a bad guy who wasn't a guy at all: wasn't human. He didn't want to believe that there was a vampire loose in the City, but he did. And he knew he'd never convince Cavuto, or anybody, for that matter. Still, he'd dug out his mother's silver crucifix before he left the house. It was in his jacket pocket next to his badge wallet. He had been tempted to take it out and say a rosary, but Cavuto, despite his growling snore, was a light sleeper, and Rivera didn't want to endure the ridicule should the big cop wake up in the middle of a Hail Mary. Rivera was getting ready to wake Cavuto and catch a nap when the lights went on in the loft. â€Å"Nick,† he said. â€Å"Lights are on.† Cavuto woke, instantly alert. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Lights are on. The kid's up.† Cavuto lit his cigar. â€Å"And?† â€Å"I just thought you'd want to know.† â€Å"Look, Rivera, the lights coming on is not something happening. I know that after ten or twelve hours it seems like something, but it's not. You're losing your edge. The kid leaving, the kid strangling someone, that's something happening.† Rivera was insulted by the admonition. He'd been a cop as long as Cavuto and he didn't have to take crap like that. â€Å"Eat shit, Nick. It's my turn to sleep anyway.† Cavuto checked his watch. â€Å"Right.† They watched the windows for a while, saying nothing. Shadows moved inside the loft. Too many shadows. â€Å"There's someone else up there,† Rivera said. Cavuto squinted at the shadows and grabbed a pair of binoculars from the seat. â€Å"Looks like a girl.† Someone passed by the window. â€Å"A redhead with a lot of hair.† Tommy took a sip of his coffee and sighed. â€Å"I don't even know where to start. This is a big city and I don't know my way around that well.† â€Å"Well, we could just wait here for him to come get us.† Jody looked at his cup, watched the heat waves coming off the coffee. â€Å"God, I miss coffee.† â€Å"Can't you just wander around until you feel something? Lestat can†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Don't start with that!† â€Å"Sorry.† He took another sip. â€Å"The Animals might help. They'll want revenge for Simon. Can I tell them?† â€Å"You might as well. Those guys do just enough drugs that they might believe you. Besides, I'm sure the story was in the paper this morning.† â€Å"Yeah, I'm sure it was.† He put his cup down and looked at her. â€Å"How did you know about Simon?† Jody looked away. â€Å"I was in the morgue when they brought him in.† â€Å"You saw him?† â€Å"I heard the cops talking. I slipped out during the excitement when they found the dead pervert.† â€Å"Oh,† Tommy said, not quite sure of himself. She reached out and took his hand. â€Å"You'd better go. I'll call a cab.† â€Å"They took all the money,† Tommy said. â€Å"I have a little left.† She handed him two hundred-dollar bills. He raised his eyebrows. â€Å"A little?† Jody grinned. â€Å"Be careful. Stay around people until it gets light. Don't get out of the cab unless there are a lot of people around. I'm sure he doesn't want any witnesses.† â€Å"Okay.† â€Å"And call me if anything happens. Try to be back here by sundown tomorrow, but if you can't, call and leave me a message where you are.† â€Å"So you can protect me?† â€Å"So I can try to protect you.† â€Å"Why don't you come with me?† â€Å"Because there's two cops in the alley across the street watching the loft. I saw them from the window. I don't think we want them to see me.† â€Å"But it's dark in the alley.† â€Å"Exactly.† Tommy took her in his arms. â€Å"That is so cool. When I get back, will you read to me naked, hanging from the ceiling beam in the dark?† â€Å"Sure.† â€Å"Dirty limericks?† â€Å"Anything.† â€Å"That's so cool.† Five minutes later Tommy stood at the bottom of the stairs with the fire door cracked just enough to see when his cab arrived. When the blue-and-white DeSoto cab pulled up, he opened the fire door and a furry black-and-white comet shot past him. â€Å"Bummer! Stop!† the Emperor shouted. The little dog skipped up the steps with a yap and a rattle every step of the way; his pie-pan helmet was hanging upside down by the chin strap, hitting the edge of each step. He stopped at the top of the stairs and commenced a leaping, barking, scratching attack on the door. Tommy leaned against the wall holding his chest. He thought, Good, a heart attack will sure mess up the vampire's murder plans. â€Å"Forgive him,† the Emperor said. â€Å"He always seems to do this when we pass your domicile.† Then, to Lazarus, â€Å"Would you be so kind as to retrieve our comrade-in-arms?† The golden retriever bounded up the stairs and snatched Bummer out of the air in mid-leap, then carried him down by the scruff of the neck as the rat dog struggled and snarled. The Emperor relieved Lazarus of his squirming charge and shoved the smaller soldier into the oversized pocket of his coat. He buttoned the flap and smiled at Tommy. â€Å"Dogged enthusiasm in a handy reclosable package.† Tommy laughed, more nervous than amused. â€Å"Your Highness, what are you doing here?† â€Å"Why, I am looking for you, my son. The authorities have been asking after you in regard to the monster. The time to act is at hand.† The Emperor waved his sword wildly as he spoke. Tommy stepped back. â€Å"You're going to put someone's eye out with that thing.† The Emperor held his sword at port arms. â€Å"Oh, quite right. Safety first.† Tommy signaled to the cabdriver over the Emperor's shoulder. â€Å"Your Highness, I agree, it's time to do something. I'm on my way to get some help.† â€Å"Recruits!† the Emperor exclaimed. â€Å"Shall we join forces against evil? Call the City to arms? Drive evil back to the dark crevice from whence it came? Can the men and I share your cab?† He patted his still squirming pocket. Tommy eyed the cabdriver. â€Å"Well, I don't know.† He pulled open the rear door and leaned in. â€Å"Dogs and royalty okay?† he asked the cabbie. The driver said something in Farsi that Tommy took for a yes. â€Å"Let's go.† Tommy stepped back and motioned for the Emperor to get in. Lazarus jumped into the back seat with a rattle of armor, followed by the Emperor and Tommy. As soon as the cab had gone a block, Bummer settled down and the Emperor let him out of his pocket. â€Å"Something about your building vexes him. I don't understand it.† Tommy shrugged, thinking about how he was going to tell the Animals about Simon's death. The Emperor rolled down the window and he and his men rode through the City with their heads out the window, squinting into the wind like mobile gargoyles. Cavuto slapped Rivera on the shoulder, startling him out of sleep. â€Å"Wake up. Something's going down. A cab just pulled up and that old wacko just came around the corner with his dogs.† Rivera wiped his eyes and sat up. â€Å"What's the Emperor doing here?† â€Å"There's the kid. How in the hell did he get hold of the old wacko?† They watched as Tommy and the Emperor talked, Tommy glancing from time to time at the cabdriver. A few minutes passed and they loaded into the cab. â€Å"Here we go,† Cavuto said as he started the car. â€Å"Wait, let me out.† â€Å"What?† â€Å"I want to see where the girl goes. Who she is.† â€Å"Just go ask her.† â€Å"I'm out of here.† Rivera picked up the portable radio from the seat. â€Å"Stay in touch. I'll send for another car.† Cavuto was rocking in the driver's seat, waiting to go. â€Å"Call me on the cell phone if you see the girl. Keep it off the radio.† Rivera stopped halfway out of the car. â€Å"You think it's the girl from the morgue, don't you?† â€Å"Get out,† Cavuto said. â€Å"He's leaving.† The cab pulled away. Cavuto let them get a block away, then pulled out after them, leaving Rivera standing in the dark alley fingering the crucifix in his pocket. Four stories above him, on the roof of a light industrial building, Elijah Ben Sapir, the vampire, looked down on Rivera, noting how much heat the policeman was losing though the thinning spot in his hair. â€Å"Jump or dive?† he said to himself.

Organizational Behavior and Management

Organizational Behavior and Management Introduction Directorial behaviour is the study that investigates the blow on persons and groups behaviour in companies undergoing change. This is very important because the resulting knowledge is used to improve the effectiveness of an organization during change (Martin, 2010). Organizational change on the other hand, is the modification in the ranks in an organization.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Organizational Behavior and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Change is inevitable since organizations operate on open systems which interacting with the dynamic external environment. In the following paragraphs, the themes and statements in the Eight Stages in Kotters book Leading Change† will be compared and contrasted with specific concepts discussed in the Ivancevich textbook. Stage 1: Establishing a Sense of Urgency Kotter speculates that for change to occur, 76% of a companys population needs to embrace change for it to happen. If the whole company is convinced about the need for change, the easier it will be to implement it (Kotter, 1996). One way of creating a sense of agency, is having an honest and convincing dialogues; especially on the market trends and competition activities. The big idea here is that if many employees are involved in the change, the urgency to implement will be fuelled by the employees themselves. Likewise, Ivancevich points out that motivating the employees is important to initiate change. This is because if some employees are motivated, they are bound to motivate their mates (Ivancevich, 2010). When employees talk about the impending change, they will be actually be promoting it. A proper channel should be chosen for communicating matters related to the impending change. This will make sure that all aspects of the change are understood and avoid the spread of wrong information in form of rumours. Wrong information has the potential of creating unrest and this should be avoided. Step Two: Unite a Powerful alliance In order to convince employees that change is crucial, a strong leadership and visible support from the directors should be established. A coalition of professionals from different disciplines should lead the change. Some of these leaders would be needed for their expertise, status and political influence (Kotter, 1996).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Once the leaders in the organization have been identified, they should be urged to be fully committed up to the emotional level. The coalition formed should then work as a team so as to balance out their weaknesses. This is very important since individuals from different disciplines are bound to disagree and have shortcomings. However, Ivancevich points out the need of recognizing the impact of an informal organization in implementing change . There is need to use informal leaders to help initiate change, since formal organizations are usually resistant to change. Communication is much widespread and free in an informal setting than in a formal one. This means that people will be aware of the change in a more casual way and easily adapt to it. Also, communication channels in a formal setting are slower and usually appear dictatorial. On the other hand, an informal way is more welcomed. Step Three: Create a Vision for Change The third step in effecting change, involves setting of a clear vision which can help everyone in the organization understand why and how the change is needed and implemented. The management must ensure that everybody in the organization understands everything regarding the impending change. People tend to accept directives as long as they understand them; therefore proper vision statement is vital for change (Kotter, 1996). In this step, the values that are vital to the change are determined and a s hort summary that sets out the future of the organization is developed. Also, everyone in the organization should understand the methods needed to execute the vision created. Ivancevich supports this stage since he emphasizes on the need to have a clearly set vision, mission and plan for change to be successful. This is important as people work best when they know what is expected of them. Step Four: Converse the idea After the mission has been set, it needs to be spread in a very influential way. Since there are usually many messages communicated daily in an organization, the vision of the change has to be communicated in a way that is bound to leave an impact. Therefore, the change vision should be stated powerfully and frequently.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Organizational Behavior and Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It should also be embedded somewhere everybody in the corporation has a high chance of reading it (Kotter, 1996). During meetings, the change leaders should mention the vision or at any other suitable time. Additionally, the vision should be the basis of making the current decisions and solving the present problems. By keeping the vision fresh on everyones minds; it will be a reminder of how to proceed with the current duties. Most importantly, the leaders should be the role model when it comes to adopting change. Ivancevich addresses this issue on his theme of communication. Step Five: Removal of Resistance Kotter’s fifth step in organizational change, points out to the need to remove opposition to transformation. If most of the employees have already embraced change, the few resisting should be eliminated for change to proceed smoothly. It is important for the leaders to identify individuals who are embracing change and those who are not. Once they are identified, the leaders should do their best to convince them on the importance of change. If the y are still resistance, they should be let go. Rewarding individuals embracing change can be used to encourage the resistant to follow suite. Ivancevich outlines reasons of resisting change: certain employees usually see a change as a form of the bosses to benefit themselves. Others resist simply because there are uncertainties surrounding the whole issue of change. Therefore, due to fear and selfishness, they oppose change. Ivancevich also recommends that the individuals resisting change to be enlightened on the benefits of the change. One of the differences between Ivancevich and Kotter is that Ivancevich recommends the use of force to ensure that change is implemented. Ivancevich therefore, partially supports this stage. However, both of them agree that resistance should be uprooted. Step Six: Create Short-term Wins Success is the best motivator, and therefore employees should be given a chance to celebrate every success in implementing change. Short-term goals in the change proc ess should be set with the aim of achieving the greater change (Kotter, 1996). The goals that are reasonably achievable should be evaluated to see if everything is going according to the plan (Pitts, 2006).Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, by observing sure-fire projects that will not receive any strong critics or expensive, leaders will be able to asses the success rate of the change. Also, they will be able to predict the speed of implementing rate and its efficiency in operation (Kotter, 1996). Finally they will be able to analyze the potential pros and cons of the intended change. If the early targets do not succeed, the entire change process can easily be shattered. In comparison, Ivancevich states that employees like being rewarded for work well done. This is achieved if targets are well set and rewards, either in verbal form or promotions, are given to those contributing to change (Martin, 2010). Step Seven: Capitalizing on the Change Kotter reasons that a lot of change programmes are unsuccessful because triumph is announced prematurely. Quick wins are only the beginning of what needs to be done, consequently, after every win, it is wise to analyze what went right and what can be worked on as far as the next set targets are concerned. To continue building on the momentum already achieved and to keep ideas fresh, new change agents and leaders in change coalition will be needed (Kotter, 1996). In support of this step, Ivancevich points to individuals who act as catalysts and assume the responsibility of managing change activities; they can be managers or employees. Step Eight: Attaching the Changes in the Company’s Traditions At last, to make any change solid, it should be a part of the company’s main business. Because company culture often dictates its activities, the values behind the change vision must be noticeable in the daily work. As a result, efforts to guarantee that the change is experienced in each and every aspect of the organization should be made. This is bound to bring about change in the company’s culture (Kotter, 1996). Ivancevich describes culture as the manner things are done around a certain society. Therefore if change is incorporated in the company culture, it is likely to stick and be accepted as a norm. References Ivancevich, K. (2010). Organizational Behaviour and Management. Boston: Harvard. Kotter, A. (1996). Leading Change. New York: Harvard Business School Publishing. Martin, J. (2010). Business and Economics. New York: Macmillan. Pitts, J. (2006). The Effects Of Managerial Communication and Justice Perceptions. Seattle: Yellowstone.